Remaining straw and release of nutrients from oat managed in integrated crop-livestock / Palhada remanescente e liberação de nutrientes da aveia preta manejada em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

This study aimed to evaluate the decomposition and nutrient release from residues of the culture of oats and fallow in crop-livestock integration system. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with two replications, as parcels being formed by four managements (fallow, oats without grazing, oats grazed once and twice), and the subplots for evaluation periods along the soybean crop in succession (0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 and 120 days after sowing). The residual amounts of dry matter and the contents of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) were determined. Oats without grazing and fallow with natural reappearance of turnip + ryegrass were the treatments that presented the highest amount of dry matter remaining, reaching 5,219 and 6,781 kg ha-1, respectively. The amount of nutrients, N, P and K released from the residues, were similar independent from the management adopted, with exponential reduction proportional to the reduction of the remaining dry matter. K was the nutrient released faster from the residues and should be considered at the time of fertilization calculation of the culture to be implanted. The integrated crop-livestock system in which takes place one and two grazing oats, even reducing soil cover, enables high nutrient cycling.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a decomposição e liberação de nutrientes dos resíduos da cultura da aveia preta e do pousio conduzidos em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com duas repetições, sendo as parcelas constituídas por quatro manejos (pousio, aveia sem pastejo, aveia pastejada uma e duas vezes) e as subparcelas, pelas épocas de avaliação ao longo do cultivo da soja em sucessão (0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 e 120 dias após a semeadura). Foram determinadas as quantidades residuais de matéria seca e os teores de Carbono (C), Nitrogênio (N), Fósforo (P) e Potássio (K). A aveia sem pastejo e o pousio com ressemeadura natural de aveia + azevém, foram os manejos que apresentaram as maiores quantidades de matéria seca remanescentes, chegando a 5.219 e 6.781 kg ha-1, respectivamente. A quantidade dos nutrientes, N, P e K liberados dos resíduos, foram semelhantes independente do manejo adotado, com redução exponencial e proporcional à redução da matéria seca remanescente. O K foi o nutriente liberado mais rapidamente dos resíduos e deve ser considerado no momento do cálculo de adubação da cultura a ser implantada. O sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária no qual se realiza um e dois pastejos da aveia, mesmo reduzindo a cobertura do solo, possibilita elevada ciclagem de nutrientes.

Essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis in the control of Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus brachyurus in soybean / ÓLeo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis no controle de Meloidogyne javanica E Pratylenchus brachyurus em soja

The aim of this study was to assess the nematicidal activity of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis applied directly to the soil to control Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus brachyurus in soybean. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse in a fully randomized design with a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement consisting of four concentrations of oil (0, 1, 2 and 3%) and two treatment frequencies (fortnightly and monthly), with four replications. Plantlets of soybean cv. CD 206 were transplanted to 1-liter pots and the first treatment applied one day after transplanting. One week after this treatment, the pots were inoculated with 2000 eggs of M. javanica or 1000 specimens of P. brachyurus per plant. The plants were collected 60 days after inoculation and plant growth variables assessed (height, aerial part fresh weight, root fresh weight and aerial part dry weight). The galls number and eggs per gram of root was assessed for M. javanica and the number of nematodes per gram of root and per 100 cm3 soil for P. brachyurus. Was observed that the population of M. javanica was reduced by R. officinalis essential oil, but none of the concentrations studied affected the population of P. brachyurus.

Objetivou-se avaliar a atividade nematicida do óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis, aplicado diretamente ao solo, visando o controle de Meloidogyne javanica e Pratylenchus brachyurus em soja. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo quatro concentrações do óleo (0, 1, 2 e 3%) e duas frequências de tratamento (quinzenal e mensal), com quatro repetições. Plântulas de soja cv. CD 206 foram transplantadas para vasos de 1 L, recebendo o primeiro tratamento um dia após o transplantio e inoculadas uma semana após esse tratamento com 2000 ovos de M. javanica ou 1000 espécimes de P. brachyurus por planta. As plantas foram coletadas 60 dias após a inoculação, avaliando-se variáveis vegetativas da cultura (altura, massa fresca de parte aérea e de raiz e massa seca de parte aérea); número de galhas e ovos por grama de raiz para M. javanica e nematoides por grama de raiz e por 100 cm3 de solo para P. brachyurus. Observou-se que a população de M. javanica foi reduzida pelo óleo essencial de R. officinalis, porém nenhuma das concentrações estudadas afetou a população de P. brachyurus.

Determinação da capacidade de uso do solo visando o manejo sustentável para uma média propriedade em Londrina-PR / Determination of use of land aimed for sustainable management on medium size farm in Londrina-PR

O planejamento conservacionista remete ao estabelecimento de um esquema de trabalho para a propriedade agrícola, de tal forma que assegure a conservação do solo juntamente com sua exploração lucrativa. A capacidade do uso das terras indica o grau de cultivo que se pode aplicar em um terreno sem que o solo sofra diminuição da sua produtividade por efeito da erosão. Desta forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi realizar o levantamento do meio físico no ano de 2010 e classificação das terras no sistema de capacidade de uso para uma média propriedade brasileira, localizada no município de Londrina (PR) sobre Latossolo Vermelho e Nitossolo Vermelho para aprimorar a exploração conservacionista da área com a introdução da taxa de adoção de práticas conservacionistas. O mapeamento da área foi executado por meio de um aparelho portátil de georeferenciamento. Baseado nos dados levantados, foram identificadas diversas classes de capacidade de uso do solo: II (culturas anuais), III (perenes ou anuais), IV (perenes ou pastagem), V (pastagem) e VII (reflorestamento). Assim, com o conhecimento das classes de capacidade de uso do solo da propriedade foi possível realizar um planejamento voltado ao manejo conservacionista visando a correta utilização do solo e determinar o pagamento de taxa de adoção de práticas conservacionistas, para a destinação das glebas 2 e 3 (Cambissolo) para a implantação de Reserva Legal.

The conservation planning of a farm refers to the sustainable use of the land. The bearing capacity of a soil indicates to what extent the land can be exploited without mining the natural resources and original characteristics due to erosion. The objective of this work was to assess the soil attributes of a medium size brazilian farm in 2010, located in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, to optimize land conservationist use with the introduction of the rate of adoption of conservation practices. The area was mapped using a geographical position system (GPS) device and the soil was analyzed chemically and visually. Five classes of soil were identified in the property: II (annual crops), III (perennial or annual crops), IV (perennial crops or pasture), V (pasture) and VII (reforestation). The classification of the soil allowed the establishment of a conservation plan, which aims at maximizing the use to the land without impacting the environment. side, the payment of rate of adoption of conservation practices, to destination of areas 2 and 3 (Cambisols, Inceptisols) for the implantation of Legal Reserve.

Genetic polymorphism among 14 elite Coffea arabica L. cultivars using RAPD markers associated with restriction digestion

Knowledge of the genetic variability among genotypes is important for the transfer of useful genes and to maximize the use of available germplasm resources. This study was carried out to assess the genetic variability of 14 elite Coffea arabica cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) associated with a prior digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases. The accessions were obtained from the Coffea collection maintained at the Instituto Agronomico do Parana (IAPAR), located in Londrina, Parana, Brazil. Twenty-four informative RAPD primers, used in association with restriction enzymes, yielded 330 reproducible and scorable DNA bands, of which 224 (68 per cent) were polymorphic. The amplified products were used to estimate the genetic variability using Dice's similarity coefficient. The data matrix was converted to a dendrogram and a three-dimensional plot using principal coordinate analysis. The accessions studied were separated into clusters in a manner that was consistent with the known pedigree. The associations obtained in the dendrogram and in the principal coordinate analysis plot suggest the probable origin of the Kattimor cultivar. The RAPD technique associated with restriction digestion was proved to be a useful tool for genetic characterization of C. arabica genotypes making an important contribution to the application of molecular markers to coffee breeding

Genetic relationship in Coffea species and parentage determination of interspecific hybrids using ISSR (Inter- Simple Sequence Repeat) markers

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic divergence among eight Coffea species and to identify the parentage of six interspecific hybrids. A total of 14 primers which contained different simple sequence repeats (SSR) were used as single primers or combined in pairs and tested for PCR amplifications. Two hundred and thirty highly reproducible fragments were amplified, which were then used to estimate the genetic similarity and to cluster the Coffea species and hybrids. High levels of interspecific genetic variation were revealed. The dinucleotide motif (GA)9T combined with other di- tri- and tetra-nucleotides produced a greater number of DNA fragments, mostly polymorphics, suggesting a high frequency of the poly GA microsatellite motifs in the Coffea genomes. The genetic similarity ranged from 0.25 between C. racemosa and C. liberica var. dewevrei to 0.86 between C. arabica var. arabica and Hybrid N. 2. The C. arabica species shared most of its markers with five of the six hybrids suggesting that it is the most likely candidate as one of the progenitors of those hybrids. These results revealed that ISSR markers could be efficiently used for genetic differentiation of the Coffea species and to identify the parentage of Coffea interspecific hybrids